What Do Horses Eat? An Equine Nutrition Guide

Last updated: December 25, 2024

By: Miles HenryFact Checked

Hello, I’m Miles Henry. as a lifelong horseman with seven racehorses currently under my care, I’ve spent countless hours ensuring my horses receive the best nutrition possible. In this comprehensive guide, “What Do Horses Eat? An Equine Nutrition Guide,” I explore the essentials of equine nutrition, including understanding horse digestion, natural diets, common feeds, nutrient requirements, and special dietary considerations.

Proper nutrition is critical for your horse’s well-being, and like many of you, I’ve faced challenges in ensuring my horses receive the best care. This guide will help you understand how to create a balanced diet for your horse, regardless of its age or activity level. Read on to learn more about how you can provide the best nutrition for your horse and avoid common feeding mistakes.

Understanding Equine Digestion

Horses have a unique digestive system optimized for extracting nutrients from fibrous, plant-based foods. Their large intestine uses bacteria to break down tough plant fibers through a process called hindgut fermentation, converting grass and hay into energy. Understanding this process is essential for feeding your horse correctly and maintaining their health.

Components of a Horse’s Digestive System

1. Mouth: The journey begins here, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva to form a bolus for easier swallowing.
2. Esophagus: This muscular tube carries food from the mouth to the stomach.
3. Stomach: The small stomach, holding 2–4 gallons, mixes food with acids to start digestion.
4. Small Intestine: Proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals are absorbed here.
5. Cecum: A large “blind pouch” where bacterial fermentation breaks down fibrous materials like hay and grass.
6. Large Colon: Further fermentation occurs, with most water and electrolytes absorbed.
7. Small Colon: Remaining material is formed into fecal balls while water absorption continues.
8. Rectum: Waste is finally expelled.

Process of Digestion in Horses

When a horse eats, food is chewed and mixed with saliva before traveling down the esophagus to the stomach. The stomach acids initiate breakdown, but the small stomach size means frequent, small meals are better for digestion. The food moves to the small intestine, where enzymes extract proteins and carbohydrates.

The fibrous content then enters the cecum and large colon, undergoing bacterial fermentation. This process breaks down fiber into volatile fatty acids, providing a major energy source. Finally, waste material, primarily undigested fiber, water, and electrolytes, passes through the small colon and rectum, completing the process.

Why Understanding Digestion Matters

Feeding practices that align with the horse’s digestive system can:

• Prevent common issues like colic and ulcers.
• Optimize nutrient absorption.
• Maintain energy levels and overall health.

Proper feeding strategies include providing high-quality forage, offering consistent meals, and avoiding abrupt dietary changes.

I’ve seen how feeding practices impact digestive health firsthand. For example, a horse in I purchased was prone to colic. After transitioning the horse to a consistent feeding schedule with high-quality forage and small, frequent meals, the digestive issues resolved, and the horse thrived.

Quick Reference Summary:

• Main Digestive Process: Fibrous plant materials are broken down into energy through hindgut fermentation.
• Key Organs: Cecum and large colon are critical for nutrient extraction.
• Optimal Feeding Practices: Provide frequent, small meals and high-quality forage.

One of my older Thoroughbreds struggled with ulcers early in his training career. By switching to small, frequent meals with plenty of high-quality forage, his condition improved dramatically. This experience reinforced how essential it is to work with, not against, the unique structure of a horse’s digestive system.

For a deeper dive into equine digestion and tips on feeding practices, check out Understanding Equine Digestion: How Horses Process Feed. Share your own feeding strategies or challenges in the comments—we’d love to hear from you!

Natural Diet of Horses

Horses have evolved to graze for many hours daily, a natural behavior critical for their digestive health. This constant grazing provides a steady stream of food, helping to maintain a healthy gut and prevent digestive issues.

As “hindgut fermenters,” horses use bacterial fermentation in their large intestine to extract nutrients from plant fibers that many other animals can’t digest. This unique adaptation enables them to slowly process and absorb nutrients from grass and other fibrous plants throughout the day.

A horse’s diet in the wild consists mainly of grass, such as Timothy, Bermuda, fescue, and bluegrass, varying by region and season. They may also consume plants, herbs, and even tree bark. These natural foods are rich in fiber, proteins, fats, and essential vitamins and minerals, supporting their overall health, muscle development, and bodily functions.

While wild horses enjoy a diverse array of plants, domesticated horses often require supplementation with hay and prepared feeds to ensure balanced nutrition. By understanding what horses are designed to eat, horse owners can provide diets that mimic natural grazing and meet their unique nutritional needs.

Have you considered how your horse’s diet aligns with their natural grazing instincts? Share your thoughts in the comments!

Common Feed for Domestic Horses

Feeding domestic horses involves balancing various food sources to meet their nutritional needs effectively. Below, we explore the most common types of feed and their benefits.

Hay

Hay is a staple in most horses’ diets, providing the necessary fiber and nutrients. Dried grass or legumes make it a reliable option when fresh pasture is unavailable. Types of hay include:

1. Grass Hay: Varieties like Timothy, orchard grass, and Bermuda grass are high in fiber and lower in protein and energy, ideal for mature or idle horses.
2. Legume Hay: Options like alfalfa and clover offer higher protein, energy, and calcium levels, suited for young, growing horses or lactating mares.
3. Mixed Hay: A combination of grass and legumes provides a balanced nutrient profile.

Remember, horses are individuals with unique needs. For example, while most of my horses thrived on mixed hay, one didn’t seem to do as well. I switched her to high-quality alfalfa hay and after only a coupld of weeks her coat developed a healthy gloss, and her energy levels improved dramatically.

For more details, visit Selecting Hay for Your Horse: A Practical Guide.

Tip: Proper hay storage is critical to maintaining quality. Keep bales dry and well-ventilated to prevent mold growth.

Fresh Pasture

Fresh pasture is a natural and nutritious feed option, especially during the grass-growing season. It provides essential nutrients and supports mental well-being through grazing.

• Grass: Pasture grasses like Kentucky bluegrass, Bermuda grass, and Timothy grass offer energy, protein, and fiber.
• Nutritional Value: Fresh grass retains its peak nutritional content compared to hay.
• Management: Implement rotational grazing to avoid overgrazing and ensure long-term pasture health.

Rotational grazing has been a game-changer for my horses. A few years back, I noticed some patches in my pasture were overgrazed while others were untouched. By rotating the horses between different sections, the grass recovered, and the horses benefited from having consistently fresh, nutritious forage. The difference in their energy levels and coat quality was remarkable.

Note: Don’t feed your horse fresh lawn clippings, as they can cause health issues.

Grain

Grains provide concentrated energy, ideal for horses with higher energy demands. Common types include:

1. Corn: High in energy but low in fiber; it must be cracked or rolled for digestibility.
2. Oats: A safe choice due to their high fiber content and ease of digestion.
3. Barley: Requires processing, such as rolling or crushing, to improve digestibility.

The processing of grains enhances nutrient absorption, reducing the risk of digestive issues. Always introduce grains gradually and pair them with forage to protect your horse’s digestive health. Learn more about changing horse diets safely.

Pellets and Mixes

Pellets and mixes are manufactured feeds designed to meet specific dietary needs.

• Pelleted Feed: Easy to digest and reduces selective eating.
• Textured or Sweet Feed: Palatable mixes of grains and molasses but high in sugar.
• Complete Feed: Provides all necessary nutrients and can replace hay or pasture if needed.

These options are particularly helpful for horses with dental issues or limited access to quality hay. For further insights, read Hay Alternatives for Horses: Pellets, Cubes, and Silage.

Key Points:

• Hay: Essential for most horses, with grass hay for maintenance and legume hay for high-performance horses.
• Fresh Pasture: High in nutrition and supports natural grazing habits.
• Grains: Concentrated energy sources; introduce gradually.
• Pellets and Mixes: Convenient for specific needs or hay shortages.
• Balance your horse’s diet with high-quality forage and appropriate supplements. Monitor your horse’s weight and condition, and consult a veterinarian or equine nutritionist for tailored advice.

Understanding Horse Nutrient Requirements

Horses, like all living organisms, need a balanced diet that meets their specific nutritional requirements. Understanding these requirements and how they are met is crucial for maintaining a horse’s health and well-being.

Proteins

Proteins are essential for muscle development, repair, and the production of enzymes and hormones. Key sources include:

• Hay and Grass: Most horses get adequate protein from these staples.
• Legumes: Alfalfa and clover are protein-rich options.
• Supplements: Commercial feeds can fill gaps for horses with higher protein needs.

Vitamins and Minerals

Vitamins and minerals support critical functions like bone health and nerve function. While fresh pasture and hay supply most nutrients:

• Mineral Blocks: Provide supplemental minerals, especially in hay-based diets.
• Consult with a veterinarian if deficiencies are suspected.

Water

Water is vital for digestion, temperature regulation, and overall health. Horses typically need:

• 5–10 gallons daily, more in hot weather or during exercise.
• Fresh, clean water should always be accessible.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates fuel a horse’s energy needs, but not all carbs are equal:

• Structural Carbs: Found in hay and grass, these digest slowly and provide steady energy.
• Non-Structural Carbs: Found in grains, these provide quick energy but can lead to health issues like laminitis if overfed.

Minimum Nutritional Requirements Chart for Horses.

The chart outlines daily requirements for different types of horses, from sedentary adults to growing foals and lactating mares. Ensure accurate grain measurement and gradual diet changes.

Type of Horse	Crude Protein (% of daily ration	Energy (calories)	Vitamin “A”	Calcium (international units)	Phosphorus
Mature at rest 900lbs. 1100lbs.	10 %	13,860-16,390	10,000-12,500	16,000-20,000	12,000-15,000
Mature at light work	10%	18,360-21,890	10,000-12,500	16,000-20,000	12,000-15,000
Mature at moderate work	10%	23,800-28,690	10,000-12,500	17,200-21,200	13,000-16,000
Mare in last 90 days of pregnancy	11.5%	14,880-17,350	20,000-25,000	19,500-24,000	15,000-18,000
Lactating Mares	13.3%-	24,390-27,620	20,000-25,000	42,000-47,000	35,600-38,600
Foals (3 mos.)	19%	12,070	4,400	30,500	19,100
weanlings (6 mos.)	14.3%	15,400	9,000	46,000	28,700
Yearlings	12.3%	16,810	11,000	26,000	17,400
18 month	11.3%	17,160	16,000	23,000	16,000

Lactating mares need more protein because they are producing milk, and milk production requires significant amounts of protein, energy and calcium. Similarly, young foals need more protein, calcium, and phosphorus, because they are rapidly developing muscle and bone

The chart numbers represent a daily feeding ratio for a healthy mature horse at light work (1 to 3 hours daily) that weighs approximately 1,000 pounds. This feeding would meet the recommended daily rations to maintain a healthy horse.

Equestrians generally use a standard-sized scoop for feed; remember that all grains don’t weigh the same. For this reason, check the weight of the grain, and feed the correct amount. Remember to introduce a new feeding plan slowly and consult your veterinarian if you have any questions concerning your horses’ health.

Special Dietary Considerations for Horses

Like humans, horses’ dietary needs evolve with age, activity levels, and health conditions. Tailoring their nutrition is vital for long-term well-being.

A. Diet Changes Based on Age and Life Stage

Foals, adult horses, and seniors each require specific nutritional strategies:

1. Foals:
   • Need quality protein, calcium, and phosphorus for growth.
   • Transition from mother’s milk to solid food by 6 months.
   • Balanced grain and forage are essential for skeletal and muscle development.
2. Adult Horses:
   • Require a balanced diet with fiber, protein, vitamins, and minerals.
   • Activity level heavily influences dietary adjustments.
3. Senior Horses:
   • Often face challenges like dental issues and slower metabolism.
   • Require easily digestible fiber, higher protein, and fortified vitamins/minerals.

For more insights, explore Guide to Feeding Old Horses.

B. Dietary Needs for Different Levels of Activity

Energy requirements vary significantly:

1. Sedentary Horses:
   • Diet primarily forage-based (e.g., grass or hay).
   • Avoid excessive grains to prevent weight gain.
2. Working Horses:
   • Need energy-dense feeds (grains or high-energy mixes).
   • Tailor feed to workload intensity.
3. Pregnant or Lactating Mares:
   • Require increased nutrients to support foal growth and milk production.

Explore more in Feeding Performance Horses: Nutrition for Peak Performance.

C. Addressing Health Issues Through Diet

A horse’s diet can manage or prevent certain health issues:

• Laminitis:
  • Avoid high-carb feeds and limit access to lush pastures.
  • Focus on low-sugar diets to prevent insulin spikes.
  • Learn more: Preventing Laminitis in Horses.

One of my horses showed early signs of laminitis after grazing in a lush spring pasture. By limiting its access to the pasture and transitioning it to a low-sugar diet, I was able to successfully managed the condition.

• Metabolic Disorders:
  • Conditions like Equine Metabolic Syndrome benefit from low-starch diets and controlled grazing.

• Obesity:
  • A well-monitored diet and regular exercise are critical.
  • Discover suitable feed options in Hay for Overweight Horses.

Key Takeaways

• Age Matters: Adjust diets as horses age to meet changing needs.
• Activity-Driven: Feed according to workload and energy demands.
• Health-Centric: Tailor diets to prevent or manage health conditions.

Common Feeding Mistakes to Avoid

Feeding horses might seem simple, but their unique nutritional needs require careful attention. Here are common mistakes and actionable solutions:

Common Errors in Horse Nutrition

1. Inconsistent Feeding Times: Horses thrive on routine. Irregular feeding disrupts digestion and increases colic risk.
2. Rapid Diet Changes: Sudden dietary shifts can lead to colic or other digestive issues.
3. Overfeeding Grain: Excessive grain intake can cause obesity and serious conditions like laminitis.
4. Insufficient Water: Dehydration impacts digestion and overall health. Fresh water is non-negotiable.
5. Not Adjusting Diet for Workload: Underfeeding active horses leads to poor performance; overfeeding idle horses causes weight gain.
6. Neglecting Dental Care: Dental issues hinder chewing and digestion.

I overfed grain to one of my younger horses, thinking it would give her more energy during training. Instead, she developed signs of colic and became lethargic. After consulting my vet, I scaled back the grain and prioritized high-quality forage. It was a hard lesson that taught me to always balance the diet based on a horse’s workload and digestive needs.

Solutions and Better Practices

1. Set a Schedule: Feed your horse at the same times daily. Learn more.
2. Introduce Changes Gradually: Allow 1-2 weeks for dietary adjustments.
3. Moderate Grain Intake: Prioritize forage; use grains sparingly.
4. Provide Clean Water: Ensure access to fresh water at all times.
5. Tailor Diets to Workload: Adjust feed quantity and type based on activity level.
6. Schedule Dental Checkups: Annual or biannual dental checks are essential.
7. Consult Experts: Work with an equine nutritionist for personalized advice.

Some Common Foods You Should Not Feed a Horse

Certain household foods are harmful to horses. Avoid feeding:

• Caffeine & Sugar: Coffee, tea, and candy (e.g., chocolate) can cause severe reactions.
• Nightshade Plants: Tomatoes, potatoes, and their leaves can lead to colic or long-term harm.
• Onions & Garlic: These can cause anemia and even life-threatening conditions.
• Cabbage Family Vegetables: Kale, broccoli, and turnips produce painful gas in horses.

Tip: Always double-check food safety before offering treats. Explore more.

Horses Eat Fruits and Vegetables

Most horses love fruits and vegetables, but it’s important to know what’s safe:

• Safe Options: Apples, carrots, and watermelons are excellent choices.
• Preparation Tips: For example, we always cut watermelon rinds into small pieces before feeding. Learn more.

Key Takeaway: Ensure all fruits and vegetables are safe and offered in moderation.

FAQs

Below is a helpful YouTube video about what horses eat and drink.

Conclusion

Feeding your horse involves understanding their unique nutritional needs and making informed choices to ensure their health and happiness. Whether you’re a new horse owner or have years of experience, there’s always more to learn about equine nutrition.

We’d love to hear from you! What are your go-to feeding practices or tips for keeping your horse healthy? Share your experiences in the comments below, or feel free to ask questions—we’re here to help.

For more in-depth information, check out these related articles:

• Horse Hoof Nutrition: The Key to Strong & Healthy Hooves
• Horse Coat Nutrition: Key Tips for a Shiny, Healthy Coat
• Equine Nutrition Guide: Key to Joint Health and Soundness
• Best Practices for Feeding Horses Hay: Equine Nutrition
• Horse Hay: How Long Will a Bale of Hay Last One Horse?
• Alfalfa Pellets vs. Hay: Pros & Cons for Horse Owners
• Seasonal Horse Feeding Strategies: Adjusting to Seasons

Let’s keep the conversation going—your insights could help other horse owners, and we’d love to feature some of your tips in future articles!

Resources

• Changes in the hindgut microbiota due to a high-starch diet can be associated with behavioral stress responses in horses
• Preference of horses for grass conserved as hay, haylage, or silage